【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforSelectionofTime-TemperatureIndicators
【原文标准名称】:时间.温度指示器的选择的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTMF1416-1996(2008)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1996
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:F02.15
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:selection;time-temperature;indicators;Effectiveaveragetemperature;Shelflife;Temperaturetests;Time-temperatureindicators(TTI)
【摘要】:Expirationdatesareoftenmarkedonthepackagesofperishableproductstoindicatethepresumedendoftheirshelflives.Sincetheshelflivesofmostperishableproductsaretemperaturedependent,theexpirationdateisdeterminedbyassumingtheproductwillbekeptwithinaprescribedtemperaturerangeforitsentirelife.Aproblemwiththismethodisthatthereisnowaytodetermineiftheshelflifeofaproducthasbeenshortenedbyexposuretoahighertemperature.Atime-temperatureindicatorsolvesthisproblemwhenattachedtothepackagebecauseitreachesitsendpointsoonerwhenexposedtoahighertemperature.Inordertodirectlyindicatetheendoftheshelflife,thetime-temperatureindicatorcharacteristicsshouldbematchedascloselyaspossibletothequalitycharacteristicsoftheproduct.Whenkeptatthestandardstoragetemperaturefortheproduct,theindicatorshouldreachitsendpointatthesametimeastheproduct''sshelflife.Inaddition,todeterminetheaccuracyofthematchatothertemperatures,thechangeofshelflifewithtemperatureshouldbeknownforboththeproductandtheindicator.TheArrheniusrelationshipisacommonandconvenientmethodofdescribingthechangeofshelflifewithtemperature.Incaseswhereitisnotapplicable,individualtime-temperaturepointsfortheproductmaybeestablishedandanapproximatecorrelationwiththeTTIobtained.Whenattachedtothepackageofaperishableproduct,atime-temperatureindicatormaysupplement,orinsomecasesreplace,theexpirationdatecode.TheadditionofaTTIprovidesagreaterlevelofconfidencethattheperishableproductiswithinitsshelflifebecauseitrespondstotheactualtemperatureconditionstowhichtheproducthasbeenexposed.Inthecaseofminimallyprocessedrefrigeratedfoods,therapidgrowthofpathogenicbacteriaatelevatedtemperaturesmayposeaserioushealthhazardevenbeforethedeteriorationofthequalityoftheproductbecomesapparenttotheconsumer.Inthiscase,anexpirationdatemaybeusedforstorageatthestandardtemperature,whileathreshold-temperatureTTIisusedtoindicatetheexposuretotemperaturesatwhichgrowthbecomesmeasurable.Itisalsopossibletouseadual-functionTTI,inwhichcasethestandardTTIwouldindicatetheshelflifeatthecorrectstoragetemperaturewhilethethreshold-temperaturepartwouldindicatetheexposuretohighertemperatures.1.1Thisguidecoversinformationontheselectionofcommerciallyavailabletime-temperatureindicators(TTIs)fornoninvasiveexternalpackageuseonperishableproducts,suchasfoodandpharmaceuticals.Whenattachedtothepackageofaperishableproduct,TTIsareusedtomeasurethecombinedtimeandtemperaturehistoryoftheproductinordertopredicttheremainingshelflifeoftheproductortosignaltheendofitsusableshelflife.Itistheresponsibilityoftheprocessoroftheperishableproducttodeterminetheshelflifeofaproductattheappropriatetemperaturesandtoconsultwiththeindicatormanufacturertoselecttheavailableindicatorwhichmostcloselymatchesthequalityoftheproductasafunctionoftimeandtemperature.Note18212;Besidestime-temperatureindicator,TTIisalsoanabbreviationfortime-temperaturemonitorandtime-temperatureintegrator.1.2Time-temperatureindicatorsmaybeintegratedintoaHazardAnalysisandCriticalControlPoint(HACCP)plan.Appropriateinstructionsshouldbeestablishedforhandlingproductsforwhicheithertheindicatorhassignaledtheendofusableshelflifeortheshelflifeoftheproductatitsnormalstoragetemperaturehasbeenreached.1.3Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,......
【中国标准分类号】:N11
【国际标准分类号】:17_080
【页数】:4P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:StructuralConcreteforBuildings,Specificationsfor
【原文标准名称】:建筑用结构混凝土规范
【标准号】:ANSI/ACI301-1996
【标准状态】:作废
【国别】:
【发布日期】:
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国国家标准学会(US-ANSI)
【起草单位】:
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:
【国际标准分类号】:
【页数】:
【正文语种】: